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Normalized Difference Vegetation Index:- NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is a numerical indicator used in remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) to assess the health and density of vegetation cover in a given area. It is calculated from the reflectance of visible and near-infrared light captured by satellite or aerial imagery.  Here's a brief description of NDVI: Calculation: NDVI is calculated using the following formula:                             NDVI = float(NIR-RED) / float(NIR+RED)                                             where NIR represents near-infrared reflectance and Red represents red light reflectance. Values: NDVI values typically range from -1 to 1.  The interpretation of NDVI values is as follows: Values close to -1: The...

URBAN HOTSPOT AND NON URBAN HOTSPOT IS CALCULATED BY RANGING VALUES OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE USING THE FOLLOWING EQUATION,                                                   UHS:- LST >  µ + 2 *  δ                                                   NON-UHS :- LST <  µ + 2 *  δ Where,  µ and    δ are the mean and standard deviation of LST in the study area.

In the context of watersheds within Geographic Information Systems (GIS), stream order refers to the hierarchical classification of streams or river segments within a river network. Understanding stream order is fundamental in watershed analysis and hydrological modeling, as it helps in comprehending the structure, connectivity, and behavior of river systems within a watershed. Stream Order and Watershed Analysis: Strahler Stream Order: Strahler stream order is a common method used to categorize streams within a watershed based on their position in the river network hierarchy. It assigns numerical values to streams to indicate their relative position within the drainage system. Stream Order Hierarchy: Headwater streams, which originate at the highest elevations and have no tributaries, are assigned a stream order of 1. When two first-order streams merge, they form a second-order stream. When two second-order streams merge, they create a third-order stream, and so on. At confluences, th...

A watershed, also known as a catchment area or drainage basin, is an area of land where all of the water that falls in the form of precipitation (rain, snow, etc.) drains to a common outlet, such as a river, stream, lake, or ocean. It is a natural hydrological unit defined by the topographic high points and divides that channel rainfall and snowmelt into a drainage system. Here's a brief overview of watershed management: 1. Definition of Watershed Management: Watershed management involves the holistic and integrated management of land, water, and other natural resources within a specific geographic area (watershed). The primary objective is to ensure the sustainable use, conservation, and restoration of resources for human and ecological purposes. 2. Importance of Watersheds: Water Supply: Watersheds are essential sources of freshwater supply for drinking, agriculture, industry, and ecosystem functions. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Healthy watersheds support diverse ecosy...